(Dassault) M.D.450 Ouragan @·AIRCRAFTUBE

  • The M.D.450 Prototype The M.D.450 Prototype
    The M.D.450 Prototype
  • Dassault MD.450 Ouragan Dassault MD.450 Ouragan
    Dassault MD.450 Ouragan
  • Hatzerim Hatzerim
    Hatzerim
  • M.D.450-30L Ouragan M.D.450-30L Ouragan
    M.D.450-30L Ouragan
  • Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan
    Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan
  • Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan (1954) Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan (1954)
    Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan (1954)
  • Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan
    Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan
  • The M.D.450 Prototype The M.D.450 Prototype
    The M.D.450 Prototype
  • The M.D.450-30L Ouragan The M.D.450-30L Ouragan
    The M.D.450-30L Ouragan

Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan

The Dassault Ouragan (in French : Hurricane) was a 1940s French jet fighter-bomber. While technologically unremarkable, Ouragan played a key role in resurgence of French aviation industry after World War II.

Design and development

As citizens of an occupied country, the French were not able to contribute significantly to the great strides made in aircraft design made during World War II. After the war, aviation designer Marcel Dassault was eager to re-establish the aviation industry with an all-French jet fighter, which was outlined in 1947. The government response to the proposal was positive but did not result in a development contract, so Dassault decided to proceed on his own.

Detailed design work on the new aircraft, which was given the designation M.D. (Marcel Dassault) 450, began in December 1947, with construction beginning on 7 April 1948 at Dassault's factory in Saint-Cloud. A French government contract for three prototypes followed on 29 June, and the first Ouragan fighter flew on 28 February 1949 with Constantin Rozanoff at the controls. The M.D.450-01 prototype lacked pressurization, armament, and the distinctive wingtip fuel tanks. Powered by a Hispano-Suiza-licensed Rolls-Royce Nene 102 centrifugal-flow jet engine generating 22.27 kN (or 2,270 kp/5,000 lbf) of thrust, the aircraft reached a top speed of 980 km/h (or 530 knots, 609 mph) and initial climb rate of 43 m/s (or 8,465 ft/min) in service trials in 1949. The 450 liter (118.9 US gal) wingtip tanks that would become the indelible feature of all Ouragans first appeared in December 1949. The pressurized second prototype, M.D.450-02, climbed to 15,000 m (49,210 ft), while the third prototype, M.D.450-03, was used in weapons trials with 15 mm and later 20 mm cannon.

The Ouragan was inspired by American designs, and its general layout was similar to the Republic F-84 Thunderjet, while the thin low-set straight wing was similar to that of the Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star.

In July 1949, French Air Force ordered 15 pre-production aircraft (later reduced to 12), which were eventually used for evaluation of various engines (including SNECMA Atar), armament schemes, and payloads. On 31 August 1950, Dassault received an order for 150 production Ouragans, with an additional 200 ordered in the following years.

Operational history

The first production Ouragan flew on 5 December 1951. The type entered service with French Air Force in 1952, replacing the de Havilland Vampire. The first 50 Ouragans were built as M.D.450A with the Nene 102 engine; the rest were M.D.450B with a Hispano-Suiza-built Nene 104B engine, lighter than the Nene 102 with slightly greater thrust. Wingtip fuel tanks were fitted as standard in both variants.

Pilots found the Ouragan to be generally pleasant to fly and a very stable gun and rocket platform, although due to its short-coupled fuselage, the aircraft had a tendency to snap into a spin in tight turns. However, for two years, the Ouragon successfully performed with la Patrouille de France aerobatic team.

In French service, the Dassault Mystere IV completely replaced the Ouragan by 1961.

India

On 25 June 1953, India ordered 71 Ouragans with the slightly uprated Nene 105 engine, with most of the order delivered that year. Additional orders brought the total to 104, though only the first 71 were new-build aircraft. The Indians named the aircraft Toofani (Hindi : Hurricane). As was the case in France, the Ouragan was replaced in front line service with the Mystere IVA by 1958. The Indian Toofanis faced combat in 1961, when they formed part of air strikes against the Portuguese colony of Diu on the western coast of India.

Israel

In contrast to France and India, the Israeli Air Force was an enthusiastic Ouragan user. Seeking to augment its jet aircraft force of British Gloster Meteors, IAF initially considered French Dassault Mystère IIC and Canadian-built F-86 Sabre Mk.6 fighters. Due to development problems with the Mystère and a Canadian embargo on the Sabres, the order was changed to Mystere IVAs, with a batch of Ouragans purchased as a stop-gap measure. By 1955, the IAF had received at least 75 aircraft, comprising a mix of newly-built and retired French Air Force examples.

Israeli Ouragans entered combat on 12 April 1956, shooting down an Egyptian Vampire. At the onset of the Suez Crisis on 29 October 1956, Ouragans shot down an additional four Vampires. The two documented encounters with Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fighters (also powered by the Nene engine but with a more modern swept wing) ended with one Ouragan surviving several 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon hits to fly the next day and one MiG-15 being heavily damaged after it entered a turning dogfight with the Ouragans. The poor training of the Egyptian pilots who were consistently unable to realize their advantage in numbers as well as the MiG-15's speed and climb characteristics helped Ouragans to survive despite their inferior performance. On 31 October, a pair of Ouragans armed with rockets strafed the Egyptian destroyer Ibrahim-el-Awal (ex-HMS Mendip), resulting in the capture of the ship.

The Ouragans were relegated to advanced training shortly after the Suez Crisis, although they saw more combat in the 1967 Six-Day War. In 1975, the IAF sold 18 Ouragans to El Salvador, where they remained in service until the late 1980s.

El Salvador

In the wake of the Soccer War of 1969, El Salvador began a concerted push to modernize its air force. Unable to buy combat aircraft from the United States due to a US government arms embargo, the Salvadorans found surplus Israeli Ouragans for sale on the international arms market. These aircraft were refurbished by the Israelis and were delivered to El Salvador between 1973 and 1978.

El Salvador's Ouragans saw extensive combat during the Salvadoran Civil War of 1980-1992. Salvadoran Ouragans flew strike missions against communist FMLN forces, operating from Ilopango airport located near the capital city of San Salvador. As El Salvador is not a large country and combat radius was not a pressing concern, Salvadoran Ouragans in combat usually operated with their wingtip fuel tanks removed in order to save weight and allow for greater weapons loads.

An FMLN sapper attack against Ilopango in 1982 destroyed several Ouragans and accelerated the push to supplant, and eventually replace, the Ouragans with American-made Cessna A-37 Dragonfly aircraft, which were made available after the Reagan Administration dropped the arms embargo. The remaining Ouragans served on for several more years, but were all retired by war's end.

Salvadoran Ouragans have been pictured in several camouflage schemes, and it is possible that during the war the Ouragan fleet operated in colors that were never completely standardized.

At least one survivor of El Salvador's Ouragan fleet is currently on static display, at Ilopango.

Variants

  • M.D.450A : First 50 production aircraft, Nene 102 engine.
  • M.D.450B : Hispano-Suiza-built Nene 104B engine, revised two-section nose landing gear doors as the original four-section design was prone to damage when the cannon were fired.
  • M.D.450R : Reconnaissance variant, only one built.
  • M.D.450-30L : One pre-production prototype fitted with a SNECMA Atar 101b engine, air intakes on the sides of the fuselage, and two 30 mm DEFA cannon.
    • Barougan : Four production aircraft modified for rough field operation with the two-wheel main landing gear with low-pressure tires retracting into a fairing added under the wing roots, and a brake parachute. The configuration was intended for operations in Algeria, and the nickname came from the Arab word "baroud," meaning "battle." First flight 24 February 1954. Despite good performance, the project was abandoned in 1958 with two aircraft converted back to standard Ouragans.

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This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Dassault Ouragan of Wikipedia ( authors )

Specifications (M.D.450B)

  • Length : 10.73 m (or 35 ft 2 in).
  • Height : 4.14 m (or 13 ft 7 in).
  • Wingspan : 13.16 m (or 43 ft 2 in).
  • Wing area : 23.8 m² (or 256 ft²).
  • Empty weight : 4140 kg (or 9,132 lb).
  • Loaded weight : 7,400 kg (or 16,323 lb).
  • Max. takeoff weight : 7,900 kg (or 17,416 lb).
  • Never exceed speed : Mach 0.83.
  • Max. speed : 940 km/h (or 508 knots or 584 mph) (Mach 0.76) at sea level.
  • Cruise speed : 750 km/h (or 405 knots or 465 mph).
  • Combat radius : 450 km (or 245 nm or 280 mi).
  • Ferry range : 920 km (or 500 nm or 570 mi).
  • Service ceiling 13000 m (or 42,650 ft).
  • Rate of climb : 38 m/s (or 7,480 ft/min).
  • Takeoff distance : 783 m (or 2,570 ft).
  • Landing distance : 910 m (or 2,985 ft).
  • Powerplant : One Rolls-Royce Nene 104B centrifugal compressor turbojet.
  • Thrust : 4,990 lbf (or 22.2 kN).
  • Armament : Four 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404 cannon, 125 rounds/gun. Underwing hardpoints for sixteen 105 mm (or 4.1 inch) Brandt T-10 rockets or eight rockets and two 458 l napalm tanks or two 454 kg (or 1,000 lb) bombs.

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This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Dassault Ouragan of Wikipedia ( authors )
Dassault M.D.450 Ouragan : Your comments on this subject
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