(Dassault) Étendard @·AIRCRAFTUBE

  • Étendard IVM & Super Étendard - Foch - 1983 Étendard IVM & Super Étendard - Foch - 1983
    Étendard IVM & Super Étendard - Foch - 1983
  • Prototype Étendard IV - c1959 Prototype Étendard IV - c1959
    Prototype Étendard IV - c1959
  • Étendard II Étendard II
    Étendard II
  • Dassault Super Étendard (Argentine) Dassault Super Étendard (Argentine)
    Dassault Super Étendard (Argentine)
  • Étendard IVM Étendard IVM
    Étendard IVM
  • Étendard IVR - 1988 Étendard IVR - 1988
    Étendard IVR - 1988
  • Super-Étendard - Clémenceau Super-Étendard - Clémenceau
    Super-Étendard - Clémenceau
  • Super Étendard (Argentine) Super Étendard (Argentine)
    Super Étendard (Argentine)
  • Super Étendard - Charles de Gaulle Super Étendard - Charles de Gaulle
    Super Étendard - Charles de Gaulle
  • Dassault Super Étendard Dassault Super Étendard
    Dassault Super Étendard
  • Étendard IVM Étendard IVM
    Étendard IVM
  • Dassault Super Étendard - 1988 Dassault Super Étendard - 1988
    Dassault Super Étendard - 1988
  • Super Étendard (Argentine) Super Étendard (Argentine)
    Super Étendard (Argentine)
  • Dassault Étendard II Dassault Étendard II
    Dassault Étendard II
  • Étendard IVP Étendard IVP
    Étendard IVP
  • Dassault Étendard VI Dassault Étendard VI
    Dassault Étendard VI
  • Dassault Étendard Dassault Étendard
    Dassault Étendard
  • Étendard IV - 1986 Étendard IV - 1986
    Étendard IV - 1986
  • Étendard IVP Étendard IVP
    Étendard IVP
  • Dassault Super Étendard Dassault Super Étendard
    Dassault Super Étendard
  • Étendard IVM Étendard IVM
    Étendard IVM
  • Étendard IVM Étendard IVM
    Étendard IVM
  • Super Étendard Modernisé Super Étendard Modernisé
    Super Étendard Modernisé

Dassault étendard and Super étendard

étendard II

The Dassault étendard II was a French prototype fighter aircraft initially developed as a follow-on project to the Dassault Mystère series. It was presented to the French Air Force for evaluation but was rejected in favour of the Dassault Mirage III.

Originally designated Mystère XXII, the aircraft was developed in response to a French Air Force requirement for a light, jet-powered fighter-bomber. At around the same time, a NATO requirement was circulated, also calling for a light strike-fighter, and Dassault developed a very similar aircraft in parallel for that competition (the étendard VI).

The sole prototype of the étendard II flew on July 23, 1956 but proved to be somewhat underpowered and showed nothing like the promise of the Mirage series and was quickly abandoned.

A further development of the étendard concept, the étendard IV was successfully developed for French Navy service.

étendard IV

The étendard's history began with two different design requirements in the early 1950s for light fighters, one for the French Air Force and the other for NATO air forces. Dassault used the same basic design for both these specifications, the étendard II and étendard VI respectively, neither of which saw orders. The company developed a larger and more powerful variant (originally designated Mystère XXIV) simultaneously as a private venture.

Interest from the Navy led to Dassault building a prototype navalized version, first demonstrated to the service in 1958, which resulted in an order for 69 étendard IVM fighters and 21 étendard IVP reconnaissance versions. From 1962, these were being deployed aboard the new French Clemenceau-class aircraft carriers, starting with the Clemenceau and Foch.

The étendard IVs performance was never spectacular but it was supersonic and could reach Mach 1.3 at 11,000 metres (36,000 ft) and Mach 0.97 at low altitude. By the 1970s it was clear that a replacement would be required soon.

The Jaguar M, a navalized SEPECAT Jaguar was intended to be the replacement, but as political problems with the joint Anglo-French effort delayed development, Dassault offered the improved Super étendard. The last of the étendard IVMs were withdrawn in 1991, although a handful of IVPs remained operational as of 2004.

Variants

  • étendard IV : The prototype powered by a 34.34 kN (7,720 lbf) SNECMA ATAR 101E3, first flown on 24 July 1956.
  • étendard IVB : One prototype fitted with a 49.82 kN (11,200 lbf) thrust Rolls-Royce Avon engine and blown flaps.
  • étendard IVM : Single-seat Maritime strike fighter aircraft for the French Navy.
  • étendard IVP : Single-seat Photo reconnaissance aircraft for the French Navy.

Operators

  • France

étendard VI

The étendard VI was a French prototype fighter aircraft initially developed as part of a NATO competition to find a standard fighter to serve amongst member air forces. Dassault took advantage of the fact that the French Air Force had issued a requirement around the same time for a new fighter-bomber and developed aircraft in parallel as variations of the same design concept for the two prospective customers.

Originally designated Mystère XXVI, the aircraft was accepted as one of the entrants to be developed to prototype stage for a fly-off with competing designs. It fared well in test flights, but was out-performed by the Aeritalia G.91 that was eventually selected as the winner of the competition.

A further development of the étendard concept, the étendard IV was successfully developed for French Navy service.

Dassault-Bréguet Super étendard

The Dassault-Bréguet Super étendard (étendard is French for "battle flag") is a French carrier-borne strike fighter aircraft designed by Dassault-Bréguet for service with the French Navy. The aircraft is an advanced development of the étendard IVM. The Super étendard first flew in October 1974 and entered French service in June 1978. French Super étendards have served in several conflicts such as the Kosovo War, the War in Afghanistan and the military intervention in Libya.

The Super étendard was also operated by Iraq and Argentina, who both deployed the aircraft during wartime. The Super étendard was used by Iraq to attack oil tankers and merchant shipping in the Persian Gulf during the Iraq-Iran War. Argentina's use of the Super étendard and the Exocet missile during the 1982 Falklands War led to the aircraft gaining considerable popular recognition. In French service, the Super étendard is to be replaced by the Dassault Rafale by roughly 2016.

Development

The Super étendard is a development of the earlier étendard IVM that was originally to have been replaced by a navalised version of the SEPECAT Jaguar (the Jaguar M), until this plan was stalled by political problems, together with problems with operating the Jaguar aboard ships, including handling problems when flying on a single engine and poor throttle response that made landing back on a carrier after an engine failure difficult. The Jaguar M was formally cancelled by the French government in 1973.

Proposed replacement aircraft for the Jaguar M included the LTV A-7 Corsair II and the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk, and Dassault had its own proposal to meet the requirement – the Super étendard. The Super étendard was essentially an improved version of the existing étendard IVM, outfitted with a more powerful engine, a new wing and improved avionics. Dassault's proposal was accepted by the French Navy in 1973, the Super étendard.

The first of three prototypes, an IVM modified with the new engine and some of the new avionics, made its maiden flight on 28 October 1974. Original intentions were for 100 Super étendard aircraft to be ordered for the French Navy, however the order placed was for 60 of the new model with options for a further 20; further budget cuts lead to only 71 Super étendards being purchased in the end, with deliveries starting in June 1978.

In the first year of production, 15 Super étendards were produced for the French Navy, allowing the formation of the first squadron in 1979. Dassault produced the aircraft at a rough rate of two per month. The Argentinian Navy placed an order for 14 aircraft to meet their requirements for a capable new fighter that could operate from their sole aircraft carrier. All manufacturing activity was completed in 1983.

Design

The Super étendard is a small, single-engined, mid-winged aircraft with an all-metal structure. Both the wings and tailplane are swept, with the folding wings having a sweepback of about 45 degrees, while the aircraft is powered by a non-afterburning SNECMA Atar 9K-50 turbojet with a rating of 49 kN (11,025 lbf). The main new weapon of the Super étendard was the French anti-shipping missile, the Aérospatiale AM 39 Exocet. It featured a Thomson-CSF Agave radar which, amongst other functions, was essential to launch the Exocet missile. One of the major technical advances of the Super étendard was its onboard UAT-40 central computer; this managed most mission-critical systems, integrating navigational data and functions, radar information and display, and weapons targeting and controls.

In the 1990s, significant modifications and upgrades were made to the type, including an updated UAT-90 computer and a new Thomson-CSF Anemone radar; which provided nearly double the range of the previous Agave radar. Other upgrades at this time included an extensively redesigned cockpit with HOTAS controls, and airframe life extension work was undertaken; a total of 48 aircraft received these upgrades, at a rate of 15 per year. During the 2000s, further improvements included significantly improved self-defence ECM capability to better evade enemy detection and attacks, cockpit compatibility with night vision goggles, a new inertial data system partly integrating GPS, and compatibility with the Damocles Laser designator pod.

The Super étendard could also deploy tactical nuclear weapons; initially these were unguided gravity bombs only, however, during the 1990s the Super étendard was extensively upgraded, enabling the deployment of the Air-Sol Moyenne Portée, a ramjet-powered air-launched nuclear missile. The aircraft was also refitted with the ability to operate a range of laser-guided bombs and, to enable the type to replace the retiring étendard IV in the reconnaissance mission, the Super étendard was fitted to carry a specialist reconnaissance pod as well. However, the aircraft is unable to perform naval landings without jettisoning unexpended ordnance.

Operational history

Argentina

The Argentine Naval Aviation decided to buy 14 Super étendards in 1980, after the United States put an arms embargo in place—due to the Dirty War—and refused to supply spare parts for their A-4Q Skyhawks. Between August and November 1981, five Super étendards and five Exocets were shipped to Argentina. The Super étendards, armed with Exocet anti-ship missiles, would play a key role in the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982. The squadron was stationed at an air base on the Rio Grande; during the conflict, the threat posed to British naval forces led to the planning of Operation Mikado and other proposed infiltration missions to raid the air base, aiming to destroy the Super étendards to prevent their use.

A first attempt to attack the British fleet was made on 2 May 1982, but this was abandoned due to flight-refuelling problems. On 4 May, two Super étendards, guided by a Lockheed P-2 Neptune, launched one Exocet each at the British destroyer HMS Sheffield, with a single missile fatally striking Sheffield. On 25 May, another attack by two Super étendards resulted in two missiles hitting the merchant ship Atlantic Conveyor, which was carrying several helicopters and various other supplies to the front line. The Exocets that struck the Atlantic Conveyor had been inadvertently redirected by decoy chaff deployed as a defensive measure by other ships; both the Sheffield and the Atlantic Conveyor sank as a result of the Exocet strikes.

The fifth missile was launched in an attack intended to strike against the British aircraft carrier HMS Invincible.

Following the end of the conflict, by 1984 Argentina had been able to complete the delivery of the full 14 Super étendards ordered as well as a number of Exocets with which to arm them. Super étendards performed qualifications on aircraft carrier ARA 25 de Mayo until the ship's final retirement. Since 1993, Argentinian pilots have practised on board the neighbouring Brazilian Navy's aircraft carrier Sïo Paulo. Touch-and-go landing exercises were also common on US Navy carriers during Gringo-Gaucho manoeuvres and joint exercises.

In 2009, an agreement was signed between Argentina and France to upgrade Argentina's remaining fleet of Super étendards. An earlier proposal to acquire former French Naval Super étendards was rejected due to high levels of accumulated flight hours; instead equipment and hardware was removed from retiring French airframes and installed into Argentinian aircraft, effectively upgrading them to the Super étendard Modernisé (SEM) standard. As of 2012, 11 Super étendards remain in service with Argentina.

France

Deliveries of the Super étendard to the French Navy started in 1978, with the first squadron, Flottille 11F becoming operational in February 1979. In total, three operational squadrons and a training unit were equipped with the Super étendard. The Super étendards would operate from both of France's aircraft carriers at that time, the Clemenceau and the Foch; either carrier's air wing typically comprised 16 Super Étendards, 10 F-8 Crusaders, 3 Étendard IVPs, 7 Bréguet Alizé anti-submarine aircraft, as well as numerous helicopters.

The first operational missions took place in Lebanon during Operation Olifant. On 22 September 1983, French Navy Super étendards operating from the Foch bombed and destroyed Syrian forces positions after a few artillery rounds were fired at the French peace keepers. On November 10, a Super étendard escaped from being hit by a Syrian SA-7 MANPADS near Bourj el-Barajneh while flying over Druze positions. On 17 November 1983, the same airplanes attacked and destroyed an Islamic Amal training camp in Baalbeck after a terrorist attack on French paratroopers in Beirut.

From 1991, the original combat-orientated étendard IVMs were withdrawn from French service; though the reconnaissance version of the étendard IV, the IVP remained in service until July 2000. In response, the Super étendards underwent a series of upgrades throughout the 1990s to add new capabilities and update existing systems for action in the modern battlefield. Designated Super étendard Modernisé (SEM), the first combat missions for the type came during NATO's Allied Force operations over Serbia in 1999; it was reported that over 400 combat missions were flown with 73% of the assigned objectives destroyed : the best performance of all the air forces involved in the missions over Serbia.

The SEM also flew strike missions in Operation Enduring Freedom. Mission Héraclès starting 21 November 2001 saw the deployment of the Charles de Gaulle and its Super étendards in Afghanistan. Operation Anaconda, starting on 2 March 2002 saw extensive use of the Super étendard in support of French and allied ground troops. Super étendards returned to operations over Afghanistan in 2007 and 2008. One of their main roles was to carry laser designation pods to illuminate targets for Dassault Rafales.

In March 2011, étendards were deployed as a part of Task Force 473, during France's Opération Harmattan in support of UN resolution 1973 during the Libyan conflict. They were paired again with Dassault Rafales on interdiction missions. Today, all Super étendards in French naval aviation are in one "flottille" (squadron) called flottille 17F. All Super étendards are expected to be retired from French service by 2016, to be replaced from 2006 onwards with Dassault's Rafale M.

Iraq

A total of five Super étendards were loaned to Iraq in 1983 while the country was waiting for deliveries of Agave-equipped Dassault Mirage F1s capable of launching Exocet missiles that had been ordered; the first of these aircraft arrived in Iraq on 8 October 1983. The provision of Super étendards to Iraq was politically controversial, the United States and Iraq's neighbour Iran were vocal in their opposition while Saudi Arabia supported the loan; the aircraft were seen as an influential factor in the 1980–88 Iraq-Iran War as they could launch Exocet strikes on Iranian merchant shipping traversing the Persian Gulf. The Super étendards began maritime operations over Persian Gulf in March 1984; a total of 34 attacks were carried out on Iranian shipping through the rest of 1984.

Iraq would typically deploy the Super étendards in pairs, escorted by Mirage F1 fighters from bases in Southern Iraq; once inside the mission zone, the Super étendards would search for targets using their onboard radar and engage suspected tankers at long range without visual identification. While tankers would typically be struck by a launched Exocet, they were often only lightly damaged by a successful hit. In April 1984, an Iraqi Super étendard was claimed to have been shot down by an Iranian F-4 Phantom II over Khark Island. Separately, on 26 July and 7 August 1984, claims of Super étendard losses to Iranian Grumman F-14 Tomcats were reported. Iran would cumulatively claim a total of three Super étendards to have been shot down by Iranian interceptors, however France would state that four out of the five leased aircraft were returned to France in 1985.

Operators

  • Argentine Naval Aviation received 14 aircraft, eleven are still in service.
  • French Aviation Navale received 71 aircraft, all are to be replaced by the Rafale M by 2016.
  • Iraqi Air Force was lent five French aircraft between 1983 and 1985; four returned to France in 1985.

Accidents and incidents

Argentina

  • 1 August 1989, 0760 3-A-210, pilot died.
  • 11 December 1989, 0762 3-A-212, engine stopped but the pilot ejected safely.
  • 29 May 1993, 0754 3-A-203, pilot died.

France

  • On 27 May 1982, a Super étendard crashed off the coast of Toulon; the pilot was killed.
  • In September 1986, a Super étendard crashed into the Mediterranean Sea; the pilot ejected.
  • During the night of 2 April 1987, a Super étendard disappeared during a training flight north of the Île Vierge lighthouse off the northwestern coast of Brittany. Neither the aircraft nor the pilot were found.
  • In July 1987, a Super étendard crashed in a forest in Ille-et-Vilaine; the pilot ejected.
  • During the night of 17 July 1988, a Super étendard crashed during a carrier landing on the French aircraft carrier Clemenceau; the pilot was killed.
  • On 31 May 1990, a Super étendard pilot ejected 110 km off the coast of Hyères. He was rescued by a Dauphin helicopter from the French Navy's squadron 23S.
  • On 27 March 1994, Super étendard 5 from the French Navy's flotilla 11F crashed in the Adriatic Sea; the pilot was rescued from the water by a helicopter from squadron 23S.
  • On 26 January 1996, a Super étendard crashed off the coast of La Ciotat; the pilot ejected.
  • On 14 April 2004, Super étendard Modernisé 35 from the French Navy's flotilla 17F missed a landing on the French aircraft carrier Charles De Gaulle, crashing on the runway; the pilot was unharmed.
  • On 7 December 2005, Super étendard Modernisé 45 from the French Navy's flotilla 11F was lost at sea in the Gulf of Ajaccio after its engine ingested a bird. The pilot ejected and was only mildly injured.
  • On 21 March 2006, a bird shattered the canopy of Super étendard Modernisé 3 from the French Navy's flotilla 11F, over Pontorson. The pilot made a forced landing in a field in Dinard.
  • On August 24, 2006, around 18:30 (local time), Super étendard Modernisé 43 from the French Navy's flotilla 11F landed hard at BAN Landivisiau and was damaged; there were no injuries.
  • On 21 March 2008, a Super étendard Modernisé from the French Navy's flotilla 17F was lost at sea south of Cavalaire-sur-Mer during a training flight. The pilot ejected safely.
  • On 1 October 2008, at 17:10 (local time), two Super étendards Modernisés (numbers 38 and 49) from the French Navy's flotilla 11F collided over the bay of Lannion, about 27 km north of Morlaix. They were conducting a training flight originating from BAN Landivisiau. Both pilots ejected, but only one was rescued alive. The minesweeper Lyre (M648) was not able to locate the wreckage in over 60 m of water, and the rescue attempts for the second downed pilot were called off the next day at noon. On October 17, wreckage and the missing pilot's body were found 20 km north of Île de Batz with the assistance of robotic submersibles.

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This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Dassault Super-étendard of Wikipedia ( authors )

Specifications (Étendard IVM)

  • Crew : one.
  • Length : 14.40 m (47 ft 3 in).
  • Height : 3.79 m (12 ft 6 in).
  • Wingspan : 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in).
  • Wing area : 29 m² (312 ft²).
  • Wing loading : 282 kg/m² (57 lb/ft²).
  • Empty weight : 5,900 kg (13,000 lb).
  • Loaded weight : 8,170 kg (18,010 lb).
  • Max. takeoff weight : 10,200 kg (22,500 lb).
  • Maximum speed : 1,099 km/h (593 knots, 683 mph).
  • Range : 3,300 km (1,800 NM, 2,100 mi).
  • Service ceiling : 15,500 m (50,900 ft).
  • Rate of climb : 100 m/s (19,700 ft/min).
  • Powerplant : One SNECMA Atar 8B turbojet.
  • Thrust : 43.16 kN (9,703 lbf) (No AB).
  • Thrust/weight : 0.54.
  • Armament :
    • Guns : Two 30 mm (1.18 in) DEFA 552 cannons with 150 rounds per gun.
    • Rockets : Two Matra rocket pods with 18× SNEB 68 mm rockets each.
    • Bombs : 1,360 kg (3,000 lb) of payload on four external hardpoints, including a variety of bombs or Drop tanks.
This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Dassault Étendard IV of Wikipedia ( authors )

Specifications (Super Étendard)

  • Crew : 1.
  • Length : 14.31 m (45 ft 11½ in).
  • Height : 3.86 m (12 ft 8 in).
  • Wingspan : 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in).
  • Wing area : 28.4 m² (306.7 ft²).
  • Wing loading : 423 kg/m² (86.3 lb/ft²).
  • Empty weight : 6,500 kg (14,330 lb).
  • Max. takeoff weight : 12,000 kg (26,455 lb).
  • Maximum speed : 1,000 km/h (637 knots, 733 mph) at low level.
  • Range : 1,820 km (983 nmi, 1,130 mi).
  • Combat radius : 850 km (460 nmi, 530 mi) with one AM39 Exocet missile one wing pylon and one drop tank on opposite pylon, hi-lo-hi profile.
  • Service ceiling : 13,700 m (44,900 ft).
  • Rate of climb : 100 m/s (19,700 ft/min).
  • Powerplant : One SNECMA Atar 8K-50 turbojet.
  • Thrust : 49 kN (11,025 lbf).
  • Thrust/weight : 0.42.
  • Armament :
    • Guns : Two 30 mm (1.18 in) DEFA 552 cannons with 125 rounds per gun.
    • Hardpoints : Four underwing and 2× under-fuselage with a capacity of 2,100 kg (4,600 lb) maximum.
    • Rockets : Four Matra rocket pods with 18× SNEB 68 mm rockets each.
    • Missiles :
    • One AM-39 Exocet Anti-shipping missile or.
    • One Air-Sol Moyenne Portée nuclear armed missile or.
    • Two AS-30L or.
    • Two Matra Magic Air-to-air missile.
    • Bombs : Conventional unguided or laser-guided bombs, provision for 1 × AN-52 free-fall nuclear bomb, provision for "buddy" air refuelling pod.

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This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Dassault Super-Étendard of Wikipedia ( authors )
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    Bilingual website

    You can change the language by clicking on the flag in the upper left or via "Options" in the central menu. Of course, the videos remain in the language in which they were posted ...

    Browser compatibility

    The site is not optimized, or even designed to run on older browsers or those deliberately deviating from standards. You will most probably encounter display issues with Internet Explorer. In this case, it is strongly recommended installing a modern (and free!) browser that's respecting the standards, like Firefox, Opera, Chrome or Safari.

    Cookies and Javascript

    This site uses cookies and JavaScript to function properly. Please ensure that your browser is configured accordingly. Neither of these technologies, or other means shall in no case be used on the Site for the retention or disclosure of personal information about its Visitors. See the "Legal" page for more on this subject.

    Website layout

    Left menus

    Because of the lack of space on smartphones and small tablets, these menus are hidden. Everything is nevertheless accessible via the main menu option, located between the video and photo sections. This menu is placed there for compatibility reasons with some browsers, which play the videos over the menus.

    "Search" and "Latest" :
    The link "In Titles" restricts the search to the titles of different forms. Use this option if you are looking for a plane, a constructor, a pilot or a particular event that could have been treated as a subject.

    The link "In Stories" will bring you to a search in all texts (the "Story" tab) and will take more time. The search term will appear highlighted in green when opening the corresponding story.

    Would you believe, "Timeline" will show all subjects in chronological order.

    "Random" will reload the entire page with a new random topic.

    The bottom section keeps you abreast of the latest five entries. New topics are added regularly. Don't hesitate to come visit us often : add bookmark.

    Blogs and Comments central section

    Under the photos section comes the comments tabs window :

    You can enter general comments in your own language via one of the two buttons on the left (BLOG EN and BLOG FR). Note that these buttons are accessible regardless of the language to allow some participation in the other language.

    All comments are subject to moderation and will be published only if they comply with the basic rules of decorum, while remaining relevant to the purpose of this site.

    The third tab allows you to enter comments on the shown topic and is bilingual. Personal anecdotes, supplements and other information questions will take place here.

    The "Story" tab shows the explanatory texts. They are most often taken from Wikipedia, a site where we participate regularly.

    The "Data" tab is reserved for list of features and specifications.

    Right menus

    On a smartphone, the lack of space is growing and this menu is moved to the bottom of the page to give priority to videos and pictures.

    The top right icons are links to videos posted by third parties (on their own responsabilities) or by ourselves. The link below these icons will take you to the channel of the one who posted the video. Feel free to suggest other videos if you think they are of some interest (Use the BLOG button or the "Contact" link).