(Fokker) (Super) Universal @·AIRCRAFTUBE

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    Fokker Universal
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    Fokker America F.8 Super Universal (Byrd Expedition)
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    Western Canada Aviation Museum (Winnipeg, Manitoba)
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    Fokker Universal
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    Fokker Super Universal
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    Fokker Super Universal (Haneda 1931)
  • Fokker America F.8 Super Universal (Byrd Expedition) Fokker America F.8 Super Universal (Byrd Expedition)
    Fokker America F.8 Super Universal (Byrd Expedition)
  • The Ghost of Charron Lake The Ghost of Charron Lake
    The Ghost of Charron Lake
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    Super-Universal
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    Fokker Super Universal
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    Leigh Brintnell
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    Fokker Super Universal
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    Fokker Universal
    Pilot Bernt Balchen
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    Fokker Super Universal
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    Fokker Super Universal
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    Fokker Universal (Bush pilot G.W. Grant McConachie)
  • Saskatchewan, 1929 Saskatchewan, 1929
    Saskatchewan, 1929
  • November 1929 November 1929
    November 1929
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    Super
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  • Fokker Super Universal Fokker Super Universal
    Fokker Super Universal
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    Fokker Super Universal
  • Fokker Universal (Byrd Expedition in Antarctica, 1929) Fokker Universal (Byrd Expedition in Antarctica, 1929)
    Fokker Universal (Byrd Expedition in Antarctica, 1929)
  • Fokker Super Universal Fokker Super Universal
    Fokker Super Universal

Fokker Universal

The Fokker Universal or "Standard" was the first aircraft built in the United States that was based on the designs of Dutch-born Anthony Fokker, who had designed aircraft for the Germans during World War I. About half of the 44 Universals that were built between 1926 and 1931 in the United States were used in Canada. Among the famous pilots who flew the Fokker Universal were Punch Dickins and Walter Gilbert.

Design and development

Anthony Fokker established the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation at the Teterboro Airport in Teterboro, New Jersey. One of his first ventures for the new company was building other aircraft under license. In 1926, he formulated plans to create an original aircraft designed for utility and air transport. The design was spearheaded by Robert Noorduyn and based on conventional Fokker designs. The mixed-material construction featured a welded steel tube frame for the fuselage and tail surfaces that were covered in fabric as well as a large wing constructed of wood with a wingspan of 14.55 m, mounted above the fuselage. Although the overall design was quite "clean," all cables, horns and attachments were mounted externally, adding considerably to the drag.

When the Fokker Universal was first developed in 1925, it had a 149 kW (200 hp) Wright J-4 or a 164 kW (220 hp) J-5 engine. Later models of the aircraft were powered by 246 kW (330 hp) J-6 engines. Two gasoline tanks were mounted in the wings near the forward edge. As typical of the era, the pilot sat in an open cockpit forward of the wing’s leading edge. The enclosed cabin below and to the rear of the pilot held four to six passengers or could be fitted for cargo hauling. Cargo capacity was estimated to be approximately 427 kg (940 lb); fuel capacity was 280 l (78 US gal) or 213 kg (468 lb)

They were sold new at the factory in 1927 for $14,200. At a time when Fokker America was mostly producing local versions of aircraft designed in the Netherlands, the Universal reversed this situation by becoming an American-designed aircraft produced by the parent company as the Fokker F.XI (although Fokker F.XI and Universal were not identical).

Operational history

Powered by the newly developed, air-cooled Pratt & Whitney radial engine which proved to be reliable, the Universal became widely regarded as a good choice for small air carriers and operators. The rugged utility aircraft proved it could haul cargo or passengers and its unique shock absorber system made of bungee cords enabled it to land on bumpy and uneven landing strips. Configurations could be readily changed from landplane to seaplane equipped with floats or if fitted with skis, the Universal could be used on rough ice and snow surfaces. An order for 12 Universals was placed by Western Canada Airways when its owner, James Armstrong Richardson, Sr. judged that the Standard Universal was the best available transport for use in the northern regions of Canada. Six more Universals (G-CAHE - CAHJ) were ordered by the Canadian Government for use in the Hudson Strait Expedition (1927–1928) to study ice formation and navigation in the Hudson Strait prior to the building of the port of Churchill, Manitoba.

While not specifically designed for long-distance flights, the Universal was suitable for pioneering work. Charles Lindbergh had wanted to fly a Universal on his transatlantic flight but officials at the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation who reviewed his request in 1926, thought that Lindbergh's plans were too risky. More concerned about the company's reputation rather than the pilot's well-being, they would not sell him an aircraft.

The Universal provided steady if unspectacular service with more than half of the Universals utilized for bush flying while more than a dozen United States, Canadian and foreign airlines flew it as a passenger/cargo transport. A further development, the Super Universal was larger and more refined with a fully enclosed cockpit. The follow-up design soon supplanted the Universal on the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation's production lines.

Universals continued to fly well into the 1930s but were primarily relegated to cargo work.

Surviving aircraft

Fokker Standard Universal G-CAJD is also known as "The Ghost of Charron Lake". It was lost in a snow storm on 10 December 1931. After a 30-year search for the rare bush plane, it was discovered in 2005. A Western Canada Aviation Museum search team (the Fokker Aircraft Recovery Team, F.A.R.T.), using sophisticated side scan sonar technology, finally located the aircraft literally "parked" on the lake bottom. In July 2006, the Ghost's engine was returned to Winnipeg, along with several artifacts. In October, the underwater archaeology team returned to the recovery site and towed the tail section to shallower waters. A further expedition was undertaken in 2007 to recover more of the Fokker for future display at the museum. Larger and smaller components are presently in storage at the Western Canada Aviation Museum. A decision as to restoration or conservation of the recovered material has not been made at present.

Operators

  • Australia : Ansett Airways.
  • Canada :
    • Canadian Airways.
    • Canadian Colonial Airways.
    • Department of Marine and Fisheries (now Fisheries and Oceans Canada).
    • Western Canada Airways.
  • Cuba : Cuban Navy.
  • Honduras : Honduran Air Force.
  • Hungary : Hungarian Air Force (Fokker F.XI).
  • United States :
    • National Parks Airways.
    • Pacific Air Transport.
    • Pure Oil.
    • Standard Air Lines.

Fokker Super Universal

Design and development

The Super Universal was a conventional, high-wing cantilever monoplane with a fully enclosed flight deck and cabin and a fixed undercarriage. Improvements over its forerunner included an enclosed cockpit and a new wing that eliminated the requirement for struts, bringing it in line with the rest of Fokker's designs. The preceding Fokker Universal was built with an open cockpit but many were converted.

Construction was as per standard Fokker practice, with the wing being made almost entirely of wood with two main spars and light ribs covered in thin sheets of plywood. The fuselage was built up from welded steel tubes, largely cross-braced with wires. Fairings, the floor and an internal bulkhead separating the pilot from the cabin were wood. A triangular-shaped door gave the pilot access to the cabin. The tail was also built up from steel tubing but used no internal bracing. The main structural members were larger diameter tubes, while smaller tubes gave the structure a small degree of camber. The standard undercarriage consisted of a tailskid with divided main gear legs sprung with bungee cords and attached to the wings and the fuselage, but floats or skiis could also be fitted.

Operational history

The Super Universal was received enthusiastically in the marketplace, selling better than any other of Fokker-America's designs (some 80 aircraft), and required the company to expand its factory space to meet demand. A further 15 aircraft were built by Canadian Vickers, and around 100 were built by Nakajima with some of these Japanese aircraft seeing military service as the Ki-6. The United States Navy also evaluated the Super Universal for military service, under the designation XJA-1, but decided not to purchase the type (the JA designation was later reused for the Noorduyn Norseman). The Fokker Universal was popular as a bush plane and many found their way into the Canadian north.

The first production Super Universal was named the Virginia by Richard E. Byrd and taken to the Antarctic in 1928. This aircraft was damaged after being ripped from its tiedowns and thrown backwards over one kilometre in winds estimated to have been at least 150 mph, and was abandoned, although Byrd subsequently revisited it to salvage useful parts.

Survivors

In 1998, a Super Universal originally used for mineral exploration in Canada's north was restored to airworthy condition in Manitoba, and after being flown for a few years was placed on display at the Western Canada Aviation Museum in 2005. Byrd's Fokker Universal was rediscovered by a New Zealand expedition in 1987 and the Antarctic Aviation Preservation Society intended to salvage and restore it.

Variants

  • XJA-1 : A Super Universal evaluated by the United States Navy.
  • Nakajima Super Universal : Civilian transport.
  • Ki-6 (Army Type 95 Training Aircraft) : Military transport for the IJAAF.
  • Nakajima-Fokker Super Universal.
  • Nakajima-Fokker Ambulance Aircraft.
  • Nakajima Navy Fokker Reconnaissance Aircraft : Short designation C2N1 and C2N2.
  • C2N1 (Navy land-based reconnaissance aircraft) : Military transport for the IJN.
  • C2N2 (Navy reconnaissance seaplane) : Military transport for the IJN.
  • Manshū Super Universal : Civil and military transport built in Manchukuo (Manchuria).

Civil operators

  • Canada :
    • Canadian Airways.
    • Canadian Vickers.
    • Northern Transportation Company.
    • Starratt Airways.
    • Western Canada Airways.
  • Japan :
    • Japan Air Transport.
    • Manchukuo.
    • Manchukuo National Airways.
  • United States :
    • Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company.
    • Byrd Antarctic Expedition.
    • Midcontinental Air Express.
    • Standard Air Lines.
    • National Parks Airways.
    • Universal Air Lines.
  • South Africa : Union Airways.

Military operators

  • Argentina : Armada Argentina.
  • Canada : Royal Canadian Air Force.
  • Japan :
    • Imperial Japanese Army Air Service.
    • Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service.
  • United States : United States Navy.

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This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Fokker Super Universal of Wikipedia ( authors )

Fokker Universal

  • Role : Airliner, Utility aircraft.
  • Manufacturer : Fokker Aircraft Company (Atlantic Aircraft Corporation).
  • Designer : Robert B.C. Noorduyn.
  • Introduction : 1926.
  • Produced : 1926-1931.
  • Number built : 44.
  • Unit cost : 1926 $14,200 (USD).
  • Developed into : Fokker Super Universal.

    • Specifications (Universal)

  • Crew : One.
  • Capacity : 4 passengers or 940 lb / 427 kg cargo.
  • Length : 33 ft 3 in (10.13 meters).
  • Height : 8 ft 9 in (2.7 meters).
  • Wingspan : 47 ft 9 in (14.56 meters).
  • Wing area : 341 sq ft (31.68 meters²).
  • Empty weight : 2,192 lb (996 kg).
  • Loaded weight : 4,000 lb (1,818 kg).
  • Maximum speed : 118 mph (189 km/h, 103 kts).
  • Cruise speed : 98 mph (158 km/h, 86 kts).
  • Range : 500 mi (439 nmi, 805 km).
  • Service ceiling : 12,000 ft (3,658 m).
  • Powerplant : One Wright J-6 radial engine.
  • Power : 330 hp (246 kW).
  • Propeller : metal fixed-pitch Hamilton-Standard.

Fokker Super Universal

  • Role : Airliner.
  • Manufacturers :
    • Fokker-America.
    • Canadian Vickers.
  • First flight : March 1928.
  • Number built : ca. 200.
  • Developed from : Fokker Universal.
  • Variants : Nakajima Ki-6.

    • Specifications (Super Universal)

  • Crew : two.
  • Capacity : six passengers.
  • Length : 36 ft 11 in (11.25 m).
  • Height : 9 ft 1 in (2.77 m).
  • Wingspan : 50 ft 8 in (15.44 m).
  • Wing area : 370 sq ft (34.3 m²).
  • Empty weight : 3,250 lb (1,474 kg).
  • Gross weight : 5,550 lb (2,517 kg).
  • Maximum speed : 138 mph (222 km/h).
  • Range : 680 miles (1,100 km).
  • Service ceiling : 19,340 ft (5,900 m).
  • Rate of climb : 950 ft/min (4.8 m/s).
  • Powerplant : One Pratt & Whitney Wasp B.
  • Power : 450 hp (336 kW).

— — — = = — — —

This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Fokker Super Universal of Wikipedia ( authors )
Fokker Universal & Super Universal : Your comments on this subject
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